![]() ![]() Sharing and cooperation were expected to emerge as a new modality of economic production, leading to a groundbreaking transformation of markets and societies. All these successes led some researchers to hypothesize that FOSS in particular, and peer production in general had the potential to transform late capitalism. Wikipedia conquered the market for online encyclopedias and marginalized Britannica, Linux became the No.1 server, breaking Microsoft’s monopoly, and Firefox was the most popular browser after Internet Explorer bundled with Windows. In the early 21 st century it seemed that FOSS would revolutionize society. For our purposes we are going to refer to FOSS mainly in its politically neutral field of collaborative and organizational practices. FOSS now incorporates philosophies and approaches as distant as leftist activism and corporate strategies. The second refers to a more practical aspect of making software source codes accessible. The first is the mission of promoting computers’ freedom to use software without any cost and copyright restrictions. #907 pc 33 software developer freeThe term “Open Source” captures two distinct ideas, therefore it’s worth emphasizing that despite even though in many cases “Open Source” is used as a single term, it refers to two separate movements within the free software community. We acknowledge that many researchers have traced the roots of open source to early as 1970, but we understand that the term “open source” was coined in 1998 to separate the free programs from Open Source Initiative’s ideas of freedom. Using “FOSS” to refer to free and/or open source software is a way to capture two different philosophies: the one formulated by Richard Stallman in 1983 and Open Software as defined by Open Source Initiative. In order to avoid complex, ideological, and licensing-nuanced discussions we therefore attempt to stay neutral and use Free/Open Source Software (FOSS) as a caveat term. It is worth noting that “free software” and “open source software” are similar, but not identical, especially in activist circles where they are hotly debated. The gist of much of the literature is that the peak of the FOSS revolution is ahead of us and that we are still observing its growth and maturation as organizational and economic regimes continue to change. Īs a new phenomenon, FOSS has often been described in terms of its innovative nature, market potential, surprising growth, the ability to “hack” capitalism, and its key differences from traditional software. Within the field of organization studies, researchers have studied topics such as the emergence of new teams from FOSS development networks, continued engagement, successful productization of peer production in software, group activity, dynamics, and social ties, diversity, leadership, interdependencies, the influence of leaders on project sustainability, network ties between projects, or and IP strategies. Although individual FOSS projects have been the subject of many in-depth analyses, the organizations that manage and control FOSS projects have not yet garnered much academic interest. Online communities in general and Free and Open Source (FOSS) communities in particular, have been a subject of stable academic interest since their inception. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. ![]() This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.įunding: This study was funded by the Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange (NAWA) to DK (PPN/BEK/ 209). Received: NovemAccepted: AugPublished: September 23, 2021Ĭopyright: © 2021 Chełkowski et al. PLoS ONE 16(9):Įditor: Sergi Lozano, Universitat de Barcelona, SPAIN Citation: Chełkowski T, Jemielniak D, Macikowski K (2021) Free and Open Source Software organizations: A large-scale analysis of code, comments, and commits frequency. ![]()
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